What Was It Like to Grow Up in Wealthy Plantation Family 1950s

History of plantations in the American South

A plantation complex in the Southern United States is the built surroundings (or circuitous) that was mutual on agricultural plantations in the American South from the 17th into the 20th century. The circuitous included everything from the principal residence down to the pens for livestock. Southern plantations were generally self-sufficient settlements that relied on the forced labor of enslaved people.

Plantations are an of import aspect of the history of the Southern The states, specially the antebellum era (pre-American Ceremonious War). The balmy temperate climate, plentiful rainfall, and fertile soils of the southeastern United States allowed the flourishing of big plantations, where large numbers of enslaved Africans or African Americans were held captive and forced to produce crops to create wealth for a white aristocracy.^[1]

The Seward Plantation is a historic Southern plantation-turned-ranch in Independence, Texas, Us.

Today, as was also true in the past, there is a wide range of opinion equally to what differentiated a plantation from a farm. Typically, the focus of a farm was subsistence agriculture. In contrast, the primary focus of a plantation was the production of greenbacks crops, with enough staple nutrient crops produced to feed the population of the estate and the livestock.^[2] A common definition of what constituted a plantation is that it typically had 500 to 1,000 acres (2.0 to iv.0 km^two) or more of state and produced one or two cash crops for sale.^[iii] Other scholars have attempted to define it by the number of enslaved persons.^[4]

The plantation complex [edit]

The whimsical Gothic Revival-style Afton Villa in St. Francisville, Louisiana. Built from 1848 to 1856, the masonry structure burned in 1963.

The vast majority of plantations did non take yard mansions centered on a huge acreage. These large estates did be, but represented merely a pocket-size per centum of the plantations that one time existed in the South.^[ii] Although many Southern farmers did enslave people before emancipation in 1862, few enslaved more than v. These farmers tended to piece of work the fields alongside the people they enslaved.^[five] Of the estimated 46,200 plantations existing in 1860, 20,700 had xx to 30 enslaved people and 2,300 had a workforce of a hundred or more, with the residual somewhere in betwixt.^[iv]

Many plantations were operated by absentee-landowners and never had a principal business firm on site. Just every bit vital and arguably more important to the complex were the many structures congenital for the processing and storage of crops, nutrient preparation and storage, sheltering equipment and animals, and various other domestic and agricultural purposes. The value of the plantation came from its land and the slaves who toiled on it to produce crops for auction. These same people produced the congenital environment: the main business firm for the plantation owner, the slave cabins, barns, and other structures of the complex.^[vi]

1862 photograph of the slave quarter at Smiths Plantation in Port Royal, South Carolina. The slave business firm shown is of the saddlebag type.

The materials for a plantation'south buildings, for the almost role, came from the lands of the manor. Lumber was obtained from the forested areas of the property.^[6] Depending on its intended utilise, it was either carve up, hewn, or sawn.^[7] Bricks were most oftentimes produced onsite from sand and clay that was molded, stale, then fired in a kiln. If a suitable stone was available, it was used. Tabby was often used on the southern Sea Islands.^{[half dozen]}

Few plantation structures have survived into the modernistic era, with the vast majority destroyed through natural disaster, neglect, or fire over the centuries. With the collapse of the plantation economy and subsequent Southern transition from a largely agrarian to an industrial society, plantations and their building complexes became obsolete. Although the bulk have been destroyed, the most common structures to have survived are the plantation houses. As is true of buildings in general, the more substantially built and architecturally interesting buildings take tended to exist the ones that survived into the modern historic period and are better documented than many of the smaller and simpler ones. Several plantation homes of important persons, including Mountain Vernon, Monticello, and The Hermitage have likewise been preserved. Less common are intact examples of slave housing. The rarest survivors of all are the agronomical and lesser domestic structures, especially those dating from the pre-Civil War era.^{[6] [8]}

Slave quarters [edit]

1870s photo of the brick slave quarters at Hermitage Plantation (at present destroyed) near Savannah, Georgia

Slave housing, although once 1 of the most common and distinctive features of the plantation landscape, has largely disappeared from most of the South. Many were insubstantial to begin with.^[ix] Only the amend-built examples tended to survive, and then usually merely if they were turned to other uses after emancipation. Slave quarters could be next to the main business firm, well abroad from it, or both. On big plantations they were often arranged in a hamlet-similar grouping along an avenue away from the main house, just sometimes were scattered around the plantation on the edges of the fields where the enslaved people toiled, like most of the sharecropper cabins that were to come after.^[10]

Slave firm with a sugar kettle in the foreground at Woodland Plantation in W Pointe a la Hache, Louisiana

Slave houses were oftentimes 1 of the nearly basic structure. Meant for little more than than sleeping, they were commonly rough log or frame one-room cabins; early examples often had chimneys made of clay and sticks.^{[9] [11]} Hall and parlor houses (two rooms) were also represented on the plantation landscape, offering a split up room for eating and sleeping. Sometimes dormitories and two-story dwellings were likewise used as slave housing. Earlier examples rested on the basis with a dirt floor, but after examples were unremarkably raised on piers for ventilation. Most of these stand for the dwellings synthetic for field slaves. Rarely though, such every bit at the former Hermitage Plantation in Georgia and Boone Hall in Due south Carolina, even field slaves were provided with brick cabins.^[12]

More fortunate in their accommodations were the house servants or skilled laborers. They ordinarily resided either in a part of the main house or in their own houses, which were normally more comfortable dwellings than those of their counterparts who worked in the fields.^{[11] [12]} A few enslavers went even further to provide housing for their household servants. When Waldwic in Alabama was remodeled in the Gothic Revival style in the 1852, the household servants were provided with large accommodations that matched the architecture of the main house. This model, all the same, was exceedingly rare.^[eight]

Famous landscape designer Frederick Law Olmsted had this recollection of a visit to plantations along the Georgia coast in 1855:

In the afternoon, I left the main road, and, towards night, reached a much more cultivated district. The forest of pines extended uninterruptedly on one side of the way, just on the other was a continued succession of very large fields, or rich nighttime soil – apparently reclaimed swamp-state – which had been cultivated the previous year, in Sea Island cotton, or maize. Beyond them, a apartment surface of still lower country, with a silver thread of water curling through it, extended, Holland-like, to the horizon. Usually at equally neat a distance as a quarter of a mile from the road, and from a one-half mile to a mile autonomously, were the residences of the planters – big white houses, with groves of evergreen trees almost them; and between these and the road were lilliputian villages of slave-cabins ... The cottages were framed buildings, boarded on the outside, with shingle roofs and brick chimneys; they stood 50 anxiety apart, with gardens and sus scrofa-yards ... At the head of the settlement, in a garden looking down the street, was an overseer's business firm, and here the route divided, running each way at correct angles; on one side to barns and a landing on the river, on the other toward the mansion ...

—Frederick Law Olmsted, A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States ^[13]

Other residential structures [edit]

A crucial residential construction on larger plantations was an overseer'southward business firm. The overseer was largely responsible for the success or failure of an estate, making sure that quotas were met and sometimes meting out penalization for infractions past the enslaved. The overseer was responsible for healthcare, with slaves and slave houses inspected routinely. He was besides the tape keeper of about crop inventories and held the keys to various storehouses.^[14]

The overseer'due south business firm was ordinarily a modest domicile, not far from the cabins of the enslaved workers. The overseer and his family, fifty-fifty when white and southern, did not freely mingle with the planter and his family. They were in a dissimilar social stratum than that of the possessor and were expected to know their place. In village-type slave quarters on plantations with overseers, his house was ordinarily at the head of the slave village rather than near the main firm, at least partially due to his social position. It was also part of an endeavour to keep the enslaved people compliant and preclude the ancestry of a slave rebellion, a very real fearfulness in the minds of most plantation owners.^[14]

Economical studies indicate that fewer than xxx pct of planters employed white supervisors for their slave labor.^[15] Some planters appointed a trusted slave as the overseer, and in Louisiana complimentary black overseers were also used.^[14]

Some other residential structure largely unique to plantation complexes was the garconnière or bachelors' quarters. Mostly congenital past Louisiana Creole people, but occasionally plant in other parts of the Deep S formerly under the rule of New France, they were structures that housed the boyish or unmarried sons of plantation owners. At some plantations information technology was a free-standing structure and at others it was fastened to the principal firm past side-wings. It developed from the Acadian tradition of using the loft of the business firm as a chamber for young men.^[16]

Kitchen one thousand [edit]

The detached brick kitchen building at the former Lowry Plantation outside of Marion, Alabama. The master house is forest-frame with brick columns and piers.

A variety of domestic and lesser agricultural structures surrounded the main firm on all plantations. Most plantations possessed some, if not all, of these outbuildings, often called dependencies, unremarkably bundled around a courtyard to the rear of the main house known every bit the kitchen yard. They included a cookhouse (separate kitchen building), pantry, washhouse (laundry), smokehouse, craven house, leap house or ice house, milkhouse (dairy), covered well, and cistern. The privies would take been located some distance away from the plantation house and kitchen yard.^[17]

The cookhouse or kitchen was well-nigh always in a divide edifice in the South until mod times, sometimes connected to the main firm past a covered walkway. This separation was partially due to the cooking burn down generating heat all day long in an already hot and humid climate. It also reduced the gamble of burn down. Indeed, on many plantations the cookhouse was congenital of brick while when the main firm was of wood-frame construction. Another reason for the separation was to prevent the racket and smells of cooking activities from reaching the main house. Sometimes the cookhouse contained two rooms, one for the bodily kitchen and the other to serve every bit the residence for the cook. Still other arrangements had the kitchen in one room, a laundry in the other, and a 2d story for servant quarters.^{[8] [17]} The pantry could be in its own structure or in a absurd part of the cookhouse or a storehouse and would accept secured items such every bit barrels of table salt, sugar, flour, cornmeal and the like.^[xviii]

The washhouse is where clothes, tablecloths, and bed-covers were cleaned and ironed. It also sometimes had living quarters for the laundrywoman. Cleaning laundry in this flow was labor-intensive for the domestic slaves that performed it. Information technology required diverse gadgets to accomplish the task. The wash banality was a cast fe or copper cauldron in which clothes or other fabrics and soapy water were heated over an open burn. The wash-stick was a wooden stick with a handle at its uppermost part and four to five prongs at its base of operations. It was simultaneously pounded up and downward and rotated in the washing tub to aerate the wash solution and loosen any clay. The items would then be vigorously rubbed on a corrugated wash board until clean. Past the 1850s, they would exist passed through a mangle. Prior to that time, wringing out the items was done past hand. The items would and so be gear up to be hung out to dry or, in inclement weather condition, placed on a drying rack. Ironing would have been done with a metal apartment iron, ofttimes heated in the fireplace, and various other devices.^[19]

Smokehouse at Wheatlands near Sevierville, Tennessee

The milkhouse would take been used by slaves to make milk into cream, butter, and buttermilk. The process started with separating the milk into skim milk and cream. Information technology was done by pouring the whole milk into a container and allowing the cream to naturally rise to the top. This was nerveless into another container daily until several gallons had accumulated. During this fourth dimension the foam would sour slightly through naturally occurring leaner. This increased the efficiency of the churning to come. Churning was an backbreaking task performed with a butter churn. In one case business firm enough to divide out, but soft enough to stick together, the butter was taken out of the churn, washed in very cold water, and salted. The churning procedure as well produced buttermilk as a by-production. It was the remaining liquid later on the butter was removed from the churn.^[20] All of the products of this process would have been stored in the spring business firm or ice house.^[17]

1937 photo of ane of two identical pigeonniers at Uncle Sam Plantation in Convent, Louisiana. One of the well-nigh ornate and complete plantation complexes left at that time, it was bulldozed in 1940 for levee structure.

The smokehouse was utilized to preserve meat, usually pork, beef, and mutton. It was usually built of hewn logs or brick. Following the slaughter in the fall or early winter, salt and sugar were applied to the meat at the beginning of the curing process, and then the meat was slowly dried and smoked in the smokehouse by a burn that did not add together any heat to the smokehouse itself.^[21] If information technology was cool enough, the meat could as well be stored there until it was consumed.^[17]

The chicken house was a edifice where chickens were kept. Its design could vary, depending on whether the chickens were kept for egg product, meat, or both. If for eggs, there were often nest boxes for egg laying and perches on which the birds to sleep. Eggs were collected daily.^[17] Some plantations too had pigeonniers (dovecotes) that, in Louisiana, sometimes took the form of monumental towers set near the main house. The pigeons were raised to exist eaten as a delicacy and their droppings were used as fertilizer.^[22]

Few functions could take place on a plantation without a reliable water supply. Every plantation had at least one, and sometimes several, wells. These were usually roofed and ofttimes partially enclosed by latticework to keep out animals. Since the well water in many areas was distasteful due to mineral content, the beverage water on many plantations came from cisterns that were supplied with rainwater by a pipage from a rooftop catchment. These could exist huge aboveground wooden barrels capped by metallic domes, such as was frequently seen in Louisiana and coastal areas of Mississippi, or underground brick masonry domes or vaults, common in other areas.^{[eight] [23]}

Ancillary structures [edit]

Schoolhouse for the owner'southward children at Thornhill nearly Forkland, Alabama

Some structures on plantations provided subsidiary functions; again, the term dependency can be applied to these buildings. A few were common, such equally the carriage business firm and blacksmith shop; only virtually varied widely among plantations and were largely a function of what the planter wanted, needed, or could beget to add together to the complex. These buildings might include schoolhouses, offices, churches, commissary stores, gristmills, and sawmills.^{[8] [24]}

Found on some plantations in every Southern country, plantation schoolhouses served as a identify for the hired tutor or governess to educate the planter's children, and sometimes even those of other planters in the surface area.^[viii] On most plantations, however, a room in the main house was sufficient for schooling, rather than a carve up dedicated building. Paper was precious, so the children oft recited their lessons until they memorized them. The usual texts in the first were the Bible, a primer, and a hornbook. As the children grew older their schooling began to ready them for their adult roles on the plantation. Boys studied academic subjects, proper social etiquette, and plantation direction, while girls learned art, music, French, and the domestic skills suited to the mistress of a plantation.^[25]

Plantation function at Waverley near West Bespeak, Mississippi

Most plantation owners maintained an office for keeping records, transacting business, writing correspondence, and the like.^[8] Although information technology, like the schoolroom, was most oft within the principal firm or another construction, information technology was not at all rare for a complex to have a separate plantation part. John C. Calhoun used his plantation role at his Fort Colina plantation in Clemson, South Carolina equally a private sanctuary of sorts, with information technology utilized as both study and library during his xx-five twelvemonth residency.^[26]

Another construction institute on some estates was a plantation chapel or church building. These were built for a diversity of reasons. In many cases the planter congenital a church building or chapel for the use of the plantation slaves, although they usually recruited a white minister to conduct the services.^[27] Some were built to exclusively serve the plantation family unit, but many more were built to serve the family and others in the surface area who shared the same faith. This seems to be especially truthful with planters within the Episcopal denomination. Early records indicate that at Faunsdale Plantation the mistress of the estate, Louisa Harrison, gave regular education to her slaves by reading the services of the church and teaching the Episcopal canon to their children. Post-obit the death of her first husband, she had a big Carpenter Gothic church congenital, St. Michael'southward Church building. She latter remarried to Rev. William A. Stickney, who served as the Episcopal minister of St. Michael's and was subsequently appointed by Bishop Richard Wilmer as a "Missionary to the Negroes," subsequently which Louisa joined him equally an unofficial fellow government minister amidst the African Americans of the Black Belt.^[28]

Most plantation churches were of wood-frame construction, although some were built in brick, ofttimes stuccoed. Early examples tended towards the vernacular or neoclassicism, but later examples were near always in the Gothic Revival way. A few rivaled those built past southern town congregations. Two of the most elaborate extant examples in the Deep South are the Chapel of the Cross at Annandale Plantation and St. Mary's Chapel at Laurel Loma Plantation, both Episcopalian structures in Mississippi. In both cases the original plantation houses take been destroyed, just the quality and design of the churches tin give some insight into how elaborate some plantation complexes and their buildings could be. St. Mary Chapel, in Natchez, dates to 1839, built in stuccoed brick with big Gothic and Tudor arch windows, hood mouldings over the doors and windows, buttresses, a crenelated roof-line, and a small Gothic spire crowning the whole.^[29] Although structure records are very sketchy, the Chapel of the Cantankerous, built from 1850 to 1852 near Madison, may be attributable to Frank Wills or Richard Upjohn, both of whom designed almost identical churches in the North during the aforementioned time period that the Chapel of the Cross was built.^{[thirty] [31]}

Some other secondary construction on many plantations during the height of the sharecropping-era was the plantation store or commissary. Although some antebellum plantations had a commissary that distributed food and supplies to slaves, the plantation store was substantially a postbellum addition to the plantation complex. In improver to the share of their crop already owed to the plantation possessor for the use of his or her land, tenants and sharecroppers purchased, unremarkably on credit confronting their side by side crop, the food staples and equipment that they relied on for their beingness.^{[8] [32]}

This blazon of debt chains, for blacks and poor whites, led to a populist move in the tardily 19th century that began to bring blacks and whites together for a common crusade. This early populist move is largely credited with helping to cause country governments in the South, mostly controlled past the planter aristocracy, to enact various laws that disenfranchised poor whites and blacks, through gramps clauses, literacy tests, poll taxes, and various other laws.^[32]

Agricultural structures [edit]

Carriage firm (left) and stable (correct) at Melrose in Natchez, Mississippi

The agricultural structures on plantations had some basic structures in mutual and others that varied widely. They depended on what crops and animals were raised on the plantation. Mutual crops included corn, upland cotton, sea island cotton, rice, sugarcane, and tobacco. Likewise those mentioned before, cattle, ducks, goats, hogs, and sheep were raised for their derived products and/or meat. All estates would have possessed various types of creature pens, stables, and a variety of barns. Many plantations utilized a number of specialized structures that were crop-specific and only constitute on that type of plantation.^[33]

Plantation barns can exist classified by function, depending on what type of crop and livestock were raised.^[34] In the upper S, like their counterparts in the North, barns had to provide basic shelter for the animals and storage of provender. Unlike the upper regions, about plantations in the lower S did not have to provide substantial shelter to their animals during the winter. Animals were often kept in fattening pens with a elementary shed for shelter, with the principal barn or barns being utilized for crop storage or processing only.^[33] Stables were an essential type of befouled on the plantation, used to house both horses and mules. These were usually divide, one for each type of animal. The mule stable was the almost important on the vast majority of estates, since the mules did nigh of the piece of work, pulling the plows and carts.^[33]

Tobacco befouled nigh Lexington, Kentucky

Barns non involved in animal husbandry were most commonly the crib befouled (corn cribs or other types of granaries), storage barns, or processing barns. Crib barns were typically built of unchinked logs, although they were sometimes covered with vertical woods siding. Storage barns often housed unprocessed crops or those awaiting consumption or send to market place. Processing barns were specialized structures that were necessary for helping to actually process the crop.^[34]

Tobacco plantations were most common in sure parts of Georgia, Kentucky, Missouri, Northward Carolina, Tennessee, S Carolina, and Virginia. The first agricultural plantations in Virginia were founded on the growing of tobacco. Tobacco product on plantations was very labor-intensive. It required the entire year to gather seeds, start them growing in cold frames, and so transplant the plants to the fields once the soil had warmed. And so the slaves had to weed the fields all summer and remove the flowers from the tobacco plants in order to force more than energy into the leaves. Harvesting was done by plucking individual leaves over several weeks as they ripened, or cutting entire tobacco plants and hanging them in vented tobacco barns to dry, chosen curing.^{[35] [36]}

Winnowing barn (foreground) and rice pounding factory (background) at Mansfield Plantation nearly Georgetown, South Carolina

Rice plantations were mutual in the South Carolina Lowcountry. Until the 19th century, rice was threshed from the stalks and the husk was pounded from the grain by paw, a very labor-intensive endeavour. Steam-powered rice pounding mills had become common by the 1830s. They were used to thresh the grain from the inedible chaff. A separate chimney, required for the fires powering the steam engine, was adjacent to the pounding factory and often continued past an underground organisation. The winnowing barn, a building raised roughly a story off of the footing on posts, was used to separate the lighter chaff and dust from the rice.^{[37] [38]}

Carbohydrate plantations were most commonly found in Louisiana. In fact, Louisiana produced virtually all of the carbohydrate grown in the U.s.a. during the antebellum period. From one-quarter to half of all sugar consumed in the United States came from Louisiana sugar plantations. Plantations grew sugarcane from Louisiana'south colonial era onward, but large calibration production did not begin until the 1810s and 1820s. A successful saccharide plantation required a skilled retinue of hired labor and slaves.^[39]

The most specialized structure on a carbohydrate plantation was the sugar mill (carbohydrate firm), where, past the 1830s, the steam-powered mill crushed the sugarcane stalks betwixt rollers. This squeezed the juice from the stalks and the cane juice would run out the bottom of the mill through a strainer to be collected into a tank. From there the juice went through a process that removed impurities from the liquid and thickened information technology through evaporation. It was steam-heated in vats where additional impurities were removed by calculation lime to the syrup and then the mixture was strained. At this point the liquid had been transformed into molasses. It was then placed into a closed vessel known equally a vacuum pan, where it was boiled until the carbohydrate in the syrup was crystallized. The crystallized sugar was then cooled and separated from any remaining molasses in a process known as purging. The terminal footstep was packing the sugar into hogshead barrels for send to market.^[forty]

Cotton press from the Norfleet Plantation, now relocated to Tarboro, North Carolina

Cotton wool plantations, the most common type of plantation in the South prior to the Civil War, were the last type of plantation to fully develop. Cotton production was a very labor-intensive crop to harvest, with the fibers having to be hand-picked from the bolls. This was coupled with the every bit laborious removal of seeds from fiber past paw.^[41]

Following the invention of the cotton wool gin, cotton wool plantations sprang up all over the South and cotton production soared, along with the expansion of slavery. Cotton also caused plantations to grow in size. During the financial panics of 1819 and 1837, when demand past British mills for cotton dropped, many small planters went broke and their land and slaves were bought by larger plantations. As cotton-producing estates grew in size, so did the number of slaveholders and the average number of slaves held.^{[42] [41]}

A cotton plantation usually had a cotton wool gin firm, where the cotton gin was used to remove the seeds from raw cotton. After ginning, the cotton had to be baled earlier it could exist warehoused and transported to market. This was achieved with a cotton wool press, an early on type of baler that was unremarkably powered by two mules walking in a circle with each attached to an overhead arm that turned a huge wooden spiral. The downward action of this screw compressed the processed cotton into a uniform bale-shaped wooden enclosure, where the bale was secured with twine.^[43]

Plantation complexes in the 21st century [edit]

Many manor houses survive, and in some cases former slave dwellings have been rebuilt or renovated. To pay for the upkeep, some, like the Monmouth Plantation in Natchez, Mississippi and the Lipscomb Plantation in Durham, North Carolina, have become small luxury hotels or bed and breakfasts. Not only Monticello and Mount Vernon only some 375 former plantation houses are museums that tin can be visited. At that place are examples in every Southern state. Centers of plantation life such every bit Natchez run plantation tours. Traditionally the museum houses presented an idyllic, dignified "lost cause" vision of the antebellum South. Recently, and to unlike degrees, some accept begun to acknowledge the "horrors of slavery" which made that life possible.^[44]

In late 2019, later contact initiated past Color of Alter, "v major websites oftentimes used for wedding planning have pledged to cutting back on promoting and romanticizing weddings at onetime slave plantations." The New York Times, earlier in 2019, "decided...to exclude couples who were being married on plantations from wedding announcements and other wedding coverage."^[45]

Personnel [edit]

Plantation owner [edit]

Three planters, subsequently 1845, The Metropolitan Museum of Art

The Old Plantation: How We Lived in Great House and Motel before the War, 1901, by Confederate clergyman and planter James Battle Avirett

An individual who owned a plantation was known as a planter. Historians of the antebellum South have more often than not divers "planter" most precisely as a person owning property (real manor) and twenty or more slaves.^[46] In the "Black Belt" counties of Alabama and Mississippi, the terms "planter" and "farmer" were often synonymous.^[47]

The historians Robert Fogel and Stanley Engerman define big planters every bit those owning over 50 slaves, and medium planters as those owning between xvi and fifty slaves.^[48] Historian David Williams, in A People'southward History of the Civil State of war: Struggles for the Meaning of Freedom, suggests that the minimum requirement for planter status was 20 slaves, especially since a Southern planter could exempt Amalgamated duty for i white male per twenty slaves endemic.^[49] In his written report of Black Belt counties in Alabama, Jonathan Weiner defines planters by ownership of real property, rather than of slaves. A planter, for Weiner, owned at least $10,000 worth of existent estate in 1850 and $32,000 worth in 1860, equivalent to about the top eight per centum of landowners.^[50] In his study of southwest Georgia, Lee Formwalt defines planters in terms of size of land holdings rather than in terms of numbers of slaves. Formwalt's planters are in the top 4.5% of landowners, translating into real estate worth $6,000 or more in 1850, $24,000 or more in 1860, and $eleven,000 or more than in 1870.^[51] In his study of Harrison County, Texas, Randolph B. Campbell classifies large planters equally owners of 20 slaves, and small planters every bit owners of between x and 19 slaves.^[52] In Chicot and Phillips Counties, Arkansas, Carl H. Moneyhon defines large planters every bit owners of 20 or more than slaves, and of 600 acres (240 ha) or more.^[53]

Many cornball memoirs about plantation life were published in the post-bellum South.^[54] For case, James Battle Avirett, who grew up on the Avirett-Stephens Plantation in Onslow County, Northward Carolina, and served as an Episcopal chaplain in the Confederate States Regular army, published The Old Plantation: How We Lived in Great House and Cabin earlier the War in 1901.^[54] Such memoirs often included descriptions of Christmas equally the epitome of anti-mod order exemplified by the "peachy business firm" and extended family.^[55]

Novels, oft adjusted into films, presented a romantic, sanitized view of plantation life. The most popular of these were The Nativity of a Nation (1916), based on Thomas Dixon Jr.,'s best-selling novel The Clansman (1905), and Gone with the Wind (1939), based on the best-selling novel of the same proper noun (1936) by Margaret Mitchell.

Overseer [edit]

On larger plantations an overseer represented the planter in matters of daily management. Commonly perceived as uncouth, sick-educated, and low-grade, he had the oftentimes despised task of meting out punishments in order to go along up discipline and secure the profit of his employer.^{[56] [ better source needed ]}

Slavery [edit]

Southern plantations depended upon slaves to do the agricultural work. "Honestly, 'plantation' and 'slavery' is 1 and the aforementioned," said an employee of the Whitney Plantation in 2019.^[57]

"Many plantations, including George Washington's Mount Vernon and Thomas Jefferson's Monticello, are working to present a more accurate image of what life was similar for slaves and slave owners."^[58] "The changes have begun to draw people long alienated by the sites' whitewashing of the past and to satisfy what staff call a hunger for real history, as plantations add slavery-focused tours, rebuild cabins and reconstruct the lives of the enslaved with assist from their descendants."^[57]

McLeod Plantation focuses primarily on slavery. "McLeod focuses on chains, talking bluntly about "slave labor camps" and shunning the big white business firm for the fields."^[57] "'I was depressed past the fourth dimension I left and questioned why anyone would want to live in South Carolina,' read one review [of a tour] posted to Twitter."^[58]

See also [edit]

• American gentry
• Antebellum South
• Atlantic Slave Trade
• Casa-Grande & Senzala (like concept in Brazilian plantations)
• History of the Southern United States
• List of plantations in the United States
• Lost Cause of the Confederacy
• Plain Folk of the Former South (1949 book by historian Frank Lawrence Owsley)
• Plantation economy
• Plantation-era songs
• Plantation tradition (genre of literature)
• Plantations of Leon County (Florida)
• Planter class
• Sharecropping in the United States
• Slavery in the U.s.
• Slavery at Tuckahoe plantation
• Treatment of slaves in the United states of america
• White supremacy
• African-American history

References [edit]

1. ^ Guelzo, Allen C. (2012). Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil State of war and Reconstruction. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 33–36. ISBN978-0-nineteen-984328-2.
2. ^ ^{a b} Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell (1929). Life and Labor in the Old S. Boston: Petty, Brown, and Visitor. p. 338. ISBN978-0-316-70607-0.
3. ^ Robert J. Vejnar II (Nov six, 2008). "Plantation Agriculture". The Encyclopedia of Alabama. Auburn University. Retrieved April xv, 2011.
4. ^ ^{a b} Vlach, John Michael (1993). Dorsum of the Big House, The Architecture of Plantation Slavery. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Printing. p. 8. ISBN978-0-8078-4412-0.
5. ^ McNeilly, Donald P. (2000). Old South Borderland: Cotton wool Plantations and the Formation of Arkansas Order. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. p. 129. ISBN978-1557286192 . Retrieved August 17, 2017.
6. ^ ^{a b c d} Matrana, Marc R. (2009). Lost Plantations of the South. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. pp. xi–xv. ISBN978-one-57806-942-ii.
7. ^ Edwards, Jay Dearborn; Nicolas Kariouk Pecquet du Bellay de Verton (2004). A Creole dictionary: Compages, Landscape, People. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Academy Press. pp. 153–157. ISBN978-0-8071-2764-3.
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54. ^ ^{a b} Anderson, David (February 2005). "Down Memory Lane: Nostalgia for the Old S in Post-Ceremonious War Plantation Reminiscences". The Periodical of Southern History. 71 (1): 105–136. JSTOR 27648653.
55. ^ Anderson, David J. (Fall 2014). "Nostalgia for Christmas in Postbellum Plantation Reminiscences". Southern Studies. 21 (ii): 39–73.
56. ^ Richter, William 50. (Baronial twenty, 2009). "Overseers". The A to Z of the Old South. The A to Z Guide Series. Vol. 51. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Printing (published 2009). p. 258. ISBN9780810870000 . Retrieved Nov 29, 2016. On larger plantations, the planter's direct representative in 24-hour interval-to-day management of the crops, care of the land, livestock, subcontract implements, and slaves was the white overseer. Information technology was his task to work the labor strength to produce a profitable ingather. He was an indispensable cog in the plantation machinery. [...] The overseer has usually been portrayed every bit an uncouth, uneducated grapheme of depression grade whose primary purpose was to harass the slaves and make it the fashion of the planter'due south progressive goals of production. More than that, the overseer had a position between master and slave in which it was hard to win. Directing slave labor was looked down upon by a large number of people, North and South. He was faced with planter demands that were at times unreasonable. He was forbidden to fraternize with the slaves. He had no chance of advocacy unless he left the profession. He was bombarded with incessant complaints from masters, who did not appreciate the task he faced, and slaves, who sought to play off primary and overseer against each other to avoid work and proceeds privileges. [...] The very nature of the chore was difficult. The overseer had to care for the slaves and gain the largest crop possible. These were often contradictory goals.
57. ^ ^{a b c} Knowles, Hannah (September viii, 2019). "Equally plantations talk more honestly nigh slavery, some visitors are pushing dorsum". Washington Post.
58. ^ ^{a b} Brockell, Gillian (August eight, 2019). "Some white people don't want to hear about slavery at plantations built by slaves". Washington Postal service.

Further reading [edit]

• Blassingame, John W. The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South (1979)
• * Evans, Chris, "The Plantation Hoe: The Rise and Fall of an Atlantic Commodity, 1650–1850," William and Mary Quarterly, (2012) 69#1 pp 71–100.
• Phillips, Ulrich B. American Negro Slavery; a Survey of the Supply, Employment, and Control of Negro Labor, as Adamant by the Plantation Regime. (1918; reprint 1966)online at Project Gutenberg; google edition
• Phillips, Ulrich B. Life and Labor in the Old Southward. (1929). excerpts and text search
• Phillips, Ulrich B. Phillips, Ulrich B. (1905). "The Economic Cost of Slaveholding in the Cotton Chugalug". Political Science Quarterly. 20 (two): 257–275. doi:10.2307/2140400. hdl:2027/hvd.32044082042185. JSTOR 2140400.
• Thompson, Edgar Tristram. The Plantation edited by Sidney Mintz and George Baca (University of South Carolina Press; 2011) 176 pages; 1933 dissertation
• Weiner, Marli Frances. Mistresses and Slaves: Plantation Women in Southward Carolina, 1830-fourscore (1997)
• White, Deborah G. Aren't I a Woman?: Female Slaves in the Plantation S (2nd ed. 1999) extract and text search
• Smith, Julia Floyd (2017). Slavery and plantation growth in Antebellum Florida, 1821-1860 (PDF). University of Florida Press.
• Phillips, Ulrich B., ed. Plantation and Frontier Documents, 1649–1863; Illustrative of Industrial History in the Colonial and Antebellum South: Collected from MSS. and Other Rare Sources. 2 Volumes. (1909). online edition
• "The Plantation System in Southern Life. Short documentary". YouTube. 1950. Archived from the original on Nov 7, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2020.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States

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